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1.
Ciênc. rural (Online) ; 51(9): e20200725, 2021. tab
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1278902

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT: This research evaluated the influence of blanching on osmotic dehydration in sucrose solutions of papaya of Formosa cultivar. The characterization of invertase present in the fruits was also done. Blanching possibly caused damages to the cellular structure resulting in higher water loss, sugar gain and, thus, effective diffusion coefficients than fresh papayas during osmotic dehydration. The invertase extracted from papaya pulp presented optimum temperature of 45 °C and optimum pH of 4.8. Considering the low production cost of papaya and the invertase characteristics, the fruit shows to be a potential source for the referred enzyme extraction.


RESUMO: O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a influência do branqueamento na desidratação osmótica de mamão Formosa em soluções de sacarose. A caracterização da invertase presente nos frutos também foi realizada. O branqueamento possivelmente danificou a estrutura celular do vegetal resultando em maior perda de água, ganho de açúcar e, consequentemente, maior coeficiente de difusão do que os mamões frescos após a desidratação osmótica. A invertase extraída da polpa do mamão apresentou temperatura ótima de 45 °C e pH ótimo de 4.8. Considerando o baixo custo de produção do mamão e as características da invertase, essa fruta apresenta-se como potencial fonte de extração da enzima.

2.
Acta biol. colomb ; 25(3): 345-353, sep.-dic. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1149014

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT High ammonia (NH4 +) concentration can exert stress on many plants, which causes nutritional disorders and reduction on plant growth. However, depending on the intensity of the stress, it may be attenuated by silicon. In this work, the response of impact of cations and silicon accumulations and plant growth in cultivated papaya plants was investigated under different toxic ammonia concentrations regardless of the presence of silicon (Si). The experiment was conducted at the Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) with papaya seedlings, variety 'Grupo Formosa' (Calimosa híbrida 01), grown in a glass greenhouse, in 1.7 dm3 pots filled with pine and coconut fiber-based substrate. The experimental design was a randomized block design, in a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement. There were five ammonium concentrations: 10, 20, 40, 80, and 100 mmol L-1 that were delivered via nutrient solution, in the absence and presence of Si (2 mmol L-1), with five replicates. After 31 days of growth, the cations and silicon accumulations in the shoot, plant height, stem diameter, root, and shoot dry matter were evaluated. Results revealed that increased ammonia concentration showed toxicity in papaya plants and stronger reductions in Ca, Mg, K and Si accumulations, plant heights, stem diameters, and root and shoot dry matter production, even when silicon was present and with greater effects on the shoot dry matter (87 %) than that of the roots (13 %).


RESUMEN Las altas concentraciones de amonio (NH4+) pueden ejercer estrés en las plantas cultivadas, lo que causa trastornos nutricionales y reducción del crecimiento. Sin embargo, dependiendo de la intensidad del estrés, este puede atenuarse mediante el silicio (Si). En este trabajo, se investigó la respuesta de la acumulación de cationes y silicio y el crecimiento de plantas de papaya cultivadas en diferentes concentraciones tóxicas de amonio independientemente de la presencia de silicio. El experimento se realizó en la Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), con plántulas de papaya, variedad Grupo Formosa (Calimosa híbrida 01), cultivadas en invernadero, en macetas de 1,7 dm3, rellenas con sustrato a base de fibra de pino y coco. El diseño experimental fue en bloques al azar, en esquema factorial 5x2, con cinco concentraciones de amonio 10, 20, 40, 80 y 100 mmol L-1, en la ausencia y presencia de Si (2 mmol L-1), con cinco repeticiones. A los 31 días posteriores del inicio de los tratamientos, se evaluó la acumulación de calcio, magnesio, nitrógeno, potasio y silicio, altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo y la materia seca de la raíz y los brotes. Los resultados revelaron que el aumento de la concentración de amonio mostró toxicidad en plantas de papaya y una reducción en la acumulación de calcio, magnesio, potasio y silicio, la altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo y la producción de materia seca de raíces y brotes, aunque el silicio esté presente, con mayor afectación en la materia seca de los brotes (87 %) que en las raíces (13 %).

3.
Electron. j. biotechnol ; 44: 14-18, Mar. 2020. ilus, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1087629

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Although bioactive metabolites capable of causing oxidative photo-necrosis in plant tissues have been identified in fungi, little is known about this type of mechanism in bacteria. These metabolites act as photosensitizers that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) capable of causing damage to cells. In addition, these metabolites can pass into an energetically excited state when they receive some luminous stimulus, a condition in which they interact with other molecules present in the environment, such as molecular oxygen (O2), also known as triplet oxygen (3 O2), generating ROS. RESULTS: The suspension of the bacterial culture of Pseudomonas cedrina was shown to produce foliar necrosis in papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) only in the presence of sunlight, which is evidence of photosensitizing mechanisms that generate singlet oxygen (1 O2). From the chemical study of extracts obtained from this bacteria, 3-(4-(2-carboxipropyl) phenyl) but-2-enoic acid (1) was isolated. This compound, in the presence of light and triplet oxygen (3 O2), was able to oxidize ergosterol to its peroxide, since it acted as a photosensitizer producing 1 O2, with which it was corroborated that a photosensitization reaction occurs, mechanism by which this bacterium could prove to cause oxidative foliar photo-necrosis. CONCLUSIONS: P. cedrina was able to induce oxidative foliar photo-necrosis because of its potential ability to produce photosensitizing metabolites that generate singlet oxygen in the plants it colonizes. Based on the above, it can be proposed that some bacteria can cause oxidative foliar photo-necrosis as an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of host species.


Subject(s)
Plant Diseases/microbiology , Pseudomonas/physiology , Carica/microbiology , Singlet Oxygen/metabolism , Pseudomonas/metabolism , Acids , Reactive Oxygen Species , Plant Leaves/microbiology , Photooxidation , Light , Necrosis
4.
Ciênc. rural (Online) ; 49(9): e20180930, 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1045430

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the optimum plot size for the papaya crop by using the modified maximum curvature method under soil and climatic conditions of the Recôncavo Baiano. The experiment comprised a uniformity test using the CNPMF-L78 strain developed by Embrapa Mandioca and Fruticultura, planted at a spacing of 3 m x 2 m, with 16 central rows and 22 plants per row, totaling 352 plants and an area of 2,112 m2. The following parameters were evaluated: plant height and diameter; height of insertion of the first fruits; precocity; number of commercial fruits per plant; productivity; length, diameter, weight, firmness, internal cavity diameter, pulp thickness, and soluble fruit solids. Each plant was considered as a basic unit, with an area of 6 m2, thus making up 352 basic units whose adjacent units were combined to form 11 pre-established parcel arrangements with rectangular and row formats. The optimal plot size is seven plants perpendicular to the crop rows, that is, seven rows with one plant in each row, corresponding to the area of 42 m2, considering spacing of 3 m between rows and 2 m between papaya plants in the soil and climatic conditions of the Recôncavo Baiano.


RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar o tamanho ótimo de parcela para a cultura do mamoeiro pelo método da máxima curvatura modificado sob condições edafoclimáticas do Recôncavo Baiano. O experimento constituiu-se de um ensaio de uniformidade, utilizando a linhagem CNPMF-L78, desenvolvida pela Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, plantada no espaçamento de 3 m x 2 m, consideradas como útil as 16 fileiras centrais com 22 plantas por fileira, totalizando 352 plantas e área de 2.112 m2. Foram avaliados: altura e diâmetro das plantas; altura de inserção dos primeiros frutos; precocidade de colheita; número de frutos comerciais por planta; produtividade; comprimento, diâmetro, peso, firmeza, diâmetro da cavidade interna, espessura da polpa e sólidos solúveis dos frutos. Nas avaliações, cada planta foi considerada como uma unidade básica, área de 6 m2, perfazendo assim, 352 unidades básicas, cujas as adjacentes foram combinadas de modo a formar 11 arranjos de parcelas pré-estabelecidos com formatos retangulares e em fileiras. O tamanho ótimo de parcela é de sete plantas, com sentido perpendicular às fileiras do cultivo, ou seja, sete fileiras com uma planta em cada fileira, correspondente à área de 42 m2, considerando espaçamento de 3 m entre linhas e 2 m entre plantas de mamoeiro nas condições edafoclimáticas do Recôncavo Baiano.

5.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 34(4): 943-951, july/aug. 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-967160

ABSTRACT

In Brazil, the improvement of papaya agribusiness is correlated to the estimation of genetic parameters and evaluation of agronomic descriptors; thus enabling less favourable areas for the development and implementation of papaya crops. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate quantitative descriptors and to estimate genetic parameters in genotypes of papaya grown under subtropical climate in the state of São Paulo. The experimental design was randomized in block. The experimental units were grouped into seven blocks of five plants each and three treatments, which consisted of three different varieties: Sunrise Solo, Tainung nº1 and local. The psychochemical properties were analysed for plant height; intersection height of first fruits; stem diameter; male, female and hermaphroditic flower percentage; fruit number per plant; production; yield; normal fruits percentage, carpeloid and pentandric fruits; pulp matter; pulp length; pulp diameter; pulp shape; pulp cavity; pulp thickness; peel performance; pulp performance; seeds performance; seeds number; soluble solids; pH; titratable acidity; ratio; technological index; ascorbic acid and reducing sugars. Furthermore, most agronomic descriptors showed high heritability; besides that, the varieties Sunrise Solo and Tainung nº1 performed the best results in Botucatu.


A estimativa de parâmetros genéticos e a avaliação de descritores agronômicos do mamoeiro pode contribuir com o desenvolvimento do agronegócio do mamão no Brasil, permitindo a expansão de novos cultivos em regiões menos favoráveis para sua exploração comercial. Frente ao exposto, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar descritores quantitativos e estimar parâmetros genéticos em genótipos de mamoeiro, cultivados em clima subtropical do estado de São Paulo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com três tratamentos (variedade Sunrise Solo, híbrido Tainung nº1 e variedade local) e sete blocos, utilizando cinco plantas por parcela experimental. Foram mensuradas as seguintes caraterísticas: altura das plantas e da interseção dos primeiros frutos; diâmetro do caule; porcentagens de plantas masculinas, femininas e hermafroditas; número de frutos por planta; produção; produtividade; porcentagem de frutos normais, carpelóides e pentândricos; massa, comprimento, diâmetro, formato, diâmetro da cavidade interna e espessura da polpa dos frutos; rendimento de casca, de polpa e de sementes; número de sementes; sólidos solúveis; pH; acidez titulável; ratio; índice tecnológico; ácido ascórbico e açúcares redutores. Foi possível inferir com o estudo que há alta herdabilidade quanto à maioria dos descritores agronômicos avaliados e que os bons resultados para a variedade Sunrise Solo e o híbrido Tainung nº 1, possibilitam a indicação desses genótipos para cultivo, na região de Botucatu ­ SP.


Subject(s)
Genetic Variation , Carica , Plant Breeding , Crop Production , Agribusiness
6.
An. acad. bras. ciênc ; 90(1): 385-400, Mar. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-886879

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate somatic embryogenesis in juvenile explants of the THB papaya cultivar. Apical shoots and cotyledonary leaves were inoculated in an induction medium composed of different concentrations of 2,4-D (6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 µM) or 4-CPA (19, 22, 25, 28 and 31 µM). The embryogenic calluses were transferred to a maturation medium for 30 days. Histological analysis were done during the induction and scanning electron microscopy after maturing. For both types of auxin, embryogenesis was achieved at higher frequencies with cotyledonary leaves incubated in induction medium than with apical shoots; except for callogenesis. The early-stage embryos (e.g., globular or heart-shape) predominated. Among the auxins, best results were observed in cotyledonary leaves induced with 4-CPA (25 µM). Histological analyses of the cotyledonary leaf-derived calluses confirmed that the somatic embryos (SEs) formed from parenchyma cells, predominantly differentiated via indirect and multicellular origin and infrequently via synchronized embryogenesis. The secondary embryogenesis was observed during induction and maturation phases in papaya THB cultivar. The combination of ABA (0.5 µM) and AC (15 g L-1) in maturation medium resulted in the highest somatic embryogenesis induction frequency (70 SEs callus-1) and the lowest percentage of early germination (4%).


Subject(s)
Plant Shoots/physiology , Carica/embryology , Carica/physiology , Plant Somatic Embryogenesis Techniques/methods , Indoleacetic Acids/analysis , Plant Growth Regulators/pharmacology , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Abscisic Acid/pharmacology , Plant Shoots/drug effects , Plant Leaves/drug effects , Plant Leaves/physiology , Germination/drug effects , Germination/physiology , Culture Media , Carica/anatomy & histology , Carica/drug effects
7.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 34(1): 95-103, jan./feb. 2018. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-966614

ABSTRACT

Extracted from the fruit of Anacardium occidentale L., Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) is a phenolic lipid that has potential biological use. Conventional pesticides are increasingly being replaced by natural products because of the impact that their mismanagement can have on human health and the environment. The objective of this work was to evaluate the fungicidal potential effect of CNSL on the fungi Colletotrichum gloesporioides and Lasiodiplodia theobromae, in particular its use in reducing negative impacts on fruit production. Chemical and physical tests were conducted to determine features of the sample, such as pH, electrical conductivity and solubility, and to measure its anacardic acid content. In vitro and in vivo tests were also conducted to evaluate the inhibition of mycelial growth on papaya fruit, the identification of volatile components and the inhibition of spore production. CNSL had the highest fungicidal potential for both fungi in vitro at a concentration of 320 µg mL-1, and the same concentration was also maximal for sporulation inhibition in both fungi. In the in vivo tests the protective effect of CNSL was higher for C. gloesporioides fungus, whereas its curative effect was higher for L. theobromae. It was found that the substance with fungicidal potential was non-volatile and that the presence of the pathogens altered the chemical properties of the fruit.


O Líquido da Castanha de Caju é um lipídio fenólico extraído do fruto da Anacardium occidentale L. que demonstra ter potencial de uso biológico. A substituição dos agrotóxicos convencionais por produtos naturais vem aumentando devido aos impactos que o mau manejo pode acarretar a saudade humana e ao meio ambiente. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o potencial fungicida deste produto frente aos fungos Colletotrichum gloesporioides e Lasiodiplodia theobromae por sua importância nos impactos negativos na produção frutífera. Foram realizados testes químicos e físicos para determinar o padrão da amostra como: pH, condutividade elétrica, solubilidade e determinação do teor de ácido anacárdico na amostra. Para os ensaios biológicos foram realizados testes de inibição do crescimento micelial in vitro e em in vivo em frutos de mamões, determinação de compostos voláteis e inibição da produção de esporos. O LCC apresentou maior potencial fungicida no teste in vitro na concentração de 320 µg mL-1 para ambos os fungos, nesta mesma concentração ocorreu a maior inibição da esporulação tanto para o C. gloesporioides quanto para o L. theobromae. No teste realizado in vivo ocorreu maior inibição para o fungo C. gloesporioides no tratamento protetor e para o fungo L. theobromae o tratamento curativo foi mais eficaz. Constatou-se que a substância com potencial fungicida não é volátil e a presença do patógeno altera os padrões químicos do fruto.


Subject(s)
Carica , Anacardium , Phenolic Compounds , Fungi , Antifungal Agents
8.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 68(5): 1201-1206, set.-out. 2016. ilus
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-827896

ABSTRACT

Papain is a proteolytic enzyme removed from the leaves of green papaya and/or latex. This enzyme is widely known as a medicinal fruit used extensively in human medicine for the treatment of wounds of various etiologies. However, studies and reports in veterinary medicine are scarce. Another herbal drug widely used in wound healing is Sunflower oil (Helianthus annus). It has inflammatory and antimicrobial properties which stimulate the local neovascularization, promoting tissue granulation, cell migration, fibroblast proliferation, and differentiation. Three dogs were treated with infected necrosis wounds, considered large, extent, and severe, with varied etiology. All cases were treated with papain gel with the exception of one dog, which was given the sunflower oil at the end of the treatment. Papain gel shows effectiveness in the treatment of wounds especially with wound debridement and removal of necrotic tissue. In addition, the healing time was shorter when compared to the treatment with sunflower oil. Finally, the herbal drugs have a low cost and high accessibility. This study contributes to create a new research regarding the use of this drug in animal wound healing.(AU)


A papaína é uma enzima proteolítica retirada do mamão-papaia verde e/ou do látex das folhas do mamoeiro, tendo propriedades medicinais conhecidas na medicina humana para tratamento de feridas de diversas etiologias. Estudos e/ou relatos na medicina veterinária são escassos. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se descrever três casos de cães, que foram atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Lavras, Brasil, todos com feridas infectadas, necrosadas, com etiologia variada e consideradas de grande extensão e gravidade, sendo tratados com gel de papaína. O tratamento demonstrou efetividade na recuperação das feridas, com a formação de grande quantidade de tecido de granulação, em um período menor que os tratamentos convencionais. Por se tratar de um fitoterápico, de baixo custo e alta acessibilidade, o gel de papaína pode ser utilizado no tratamento de feridas de grande extensão em cães e, assim como em humanos, parece ter um efeito benéfico no processo de cicatrização. Pesquisas devem ser conduzidas para elucidar a ação desse produto nos tecidos, bem como as diferentes concentrações a serem administradas.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Carica , Papain/therapeutic use , Wound Healing/drug effects , Necrosis/veterinary , Phytotherapy/veterinary
9.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 32(4): 849-856, july/aug. 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-965575

ABSTRACT

The papaya crop has great socio-economic expression in the Brazil and is mainly grown in the northeastern region, which is facing serious problems of water shortage, particularly in its qualitative aspect, due to high concentration of salts in water. For best performance of a crop it is necessary to adopt managements strategies, such as the use of tolerant cultivars, thus, aimed to assess the balance of salts in the substrate, growth and partition of biomass of varieties of papaya irrigated with saline water. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with treatments arranged in a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement , consisting of two cultivars of papaya (Sunrise Solo and Tainung - 01) and four levels of water salinity (1.2, 2.4, 3.6 and 4.8 dS m -1) with three replications. The balance of salts in the substrate, growth rate and the dry matter partitioning were evaluated to determine crops' tolerance to salinity in the initial growth phase. The water salinity increased linearly electrical conductivity, sodium absorption ratio and exchangeable sodium percentage of the substrate, and reduced growth and the biomass of varieties of papaya, in which reductions in biomass accumulation followed the order leaves > roots > stem. Salinity reduced the percentage of dry weight of stem and leaves and increased the dry weight of roots.


A cultura do mamoeiro exerce grande expressão socioeconômica no senário brasileiro, sendo principalmente cultivado na região nordeste do país, que enfrenta sérios problemas com escassez dos recursos hídricos, principalmente em seu aspecto qualitativo, verificando-se águas com elevados teores de sais. Para melhor desempenho da cultura é necessário a adoção de estratégias de manejos, a exemplo da utilização de cultivares tolerantes, com isso, objetivou-se avaliar o balanço de sais no substrato, o crescimento e a partição de fitomassa de cultivares de mamoeiro irrigadas com água salina. O experimento foi realizado em um delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com os tratamentos distribuídos em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, constituídos de duas cultivares de mamoeiro (Sunrise Solo e Tainung - 01) e quatro níveis de salinidade da água (1,2; 2,4; 3,6 e 4,8 dS m-1) com três repetições. O balanço de sais no substrato, à taxa de crescimento e a partição de fitomassa seca foram avaliados de modo a determinar a tolerância a salinidade pela cultura na fase inicial de crescimento. O aumento da salinidade da água aumentou linearmente a condutividade elétrica, a relação de absorção de sódio e a percentagem de sódio trocável do substrato, o que reduziu o crescimento e o acúmulo de fitomassa das cultivares de mamoeiro, em que as reduções no acúmulo fitomassa seguiram a ordem fitomassa seca da folha > raízes > caule . O aumento da salinidade reduziu o percentual de fitomassa seca do caule e das folhas e aumentou o de fitomassa das raízes.


Subject(s)
Saline Waters , Crop Production , Carica , Agricultural Irrigation
10.
Br J Med Med Res ; 2016; 16(3): 1-6
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-183269

ABSTRACT

Aims: To investigate the effect of Carica papaya leaves on some haematological parameters (PCV, RBC, Hb, WBC and differential blood counts) were investigated. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Amassoma, Bayelsa-State, Nigeria, between. Methods: Thirty male albino rats were randomly allotted to five groups of six rats per group. Haemoglobin (Hb) was determined spectrophotometrically by the cyanomethaemoglobin method, Red blood cells (RBC), was estimated by haemocytometer, using adopted standard procedure. Group1 (negative control) were fed with 100% rat feed. Groups 2- 4 were pretreated with 10, 30 and 50% C. papaya L respectively, while Group 5 (normal control) received 100% rat feed. Rats in groups (1-4), were injected with CCl4 (0.5 ml/kg body weight in 0.5 ml olive oil) on the 29th day while rats in group 5 were not administered with CCl4 (normal control). Results: The results were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). There were significant increases (p≤ 0.05) in the levels of Hb, PCV, RBC, lymphocytes and decreased WBC and neutrophils in rats in group 5 (normal control) as against the negative control (group 1). Rats groups pretreated with 10, 30 and 50% Carica papaya (groups 2, 3 and 4 respectively), showed significant increased (p≤ 0.05) PCV, RBC and Hb levels, when compared with untreated rats (group 1). Rats that were administered with CCl4 only (negative control), showed significant increases (p≤ 0.05) in the levels of WBC and neutrophils. However, incorporation of 10, 30 and 50% Carica papaya in groups 2, 3 and 4 respectively, significantly decreased the levels of WBC and neutrophils, when compared with rats in untreated group 1. Monocytes levels significantly increased (p≤ 0.05) in rats pre-treated with 30% and 50% Carica papaya (groups 3 and 4 respectively). While, there was zero level of basophils in all the groups. Conclusion: Carica papaya L, may therefore possess and confer erythropoietic properties on rats pretreated groups as evident in the increased levels of Hb, PCV, RBC and lymphocytes.

11.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 31(5): 1341-1348, sept./oct. 2015.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-964869

ABSTRACT

Pawpaw (Carica papaya L.), also known papaya, is a fruit species with economic and social importance for Brazil, the second main world producer. Although this characteristic the relationship between N and K nutrition and papaya fruit quality has been poorly studied. Thus, an objective with this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen and potassium for papaya (pawpaw) fruit quality produced in North eastern Brazil. The experimental design consisted of randomised blocks, with treatments distributed in a factorial arrangement (4 x 4), using four nitrogen doses (320, 400, 480 and 560 g of N plant-1) and four potassium doses (380, 475, 570 e 665 g of K2O plant-1), containing with four replications of three plants each. The fruit characteristics, such as fruit mass, titratable acidity, soluble solids, pulp pH and fruit length and width, were recorded. The fruit qualityof pawpaw depend on nitrogen and potassium leaf concentration. The higher fruit quality parameters regarding to soluble solids, pH, fruit length and fruit mass are associated to 45.30 g kg-1 leaf N concentration and 37.55 leaf K concentration.


O mamoeiro Formosa (Carica papaya L.) é uma espécie frutífera de importância social e econômica para o Brasil, o segundo maior produtor mundial. Apesar dessa característica, a relação entre a nutrição com N e K e a qualidade de frutos têm sido pouco estudada. Assim, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar o efeito da nutrição nitrogenada e potássica na qualidade de frutos do mamoeiro Formosa no Nordeste brasileiro. Adotou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, correspondentes a doses de nitrogênio em cobertura (320, 400, 480 e 560 g planta-1) e doses de potássio em cobertura (380, 475, 570 e 665 g planta-1), contendo quatro repetições de três plantas por parcela cada. A qualidade dos frutos foi determinada, avaliando-se a massa de fruto, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, pH da polpa, diâmetro longitudinal e transversal dos frutos. A qualidade de frutos de mamão formosa depende da concentração foliar de nitrogênio e potássio. Os melhores resultados de sólidos solúveis, pH de polpa, diâmetro longitudinal de frutos estão associados às concentrações foliares de 45,30 g kg-1 de N e 37,55 g kg-1 de K.


Subject(s)
Plants , Potassium , Crops, Agricultural , Carica , Fruit , Nitrogen
12.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 31(3): 719-729, may./jun. 2015.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-963873

ABSTRACT

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o desempenho de sementes de oito genótipos de Carica papaya L. antes e após o envelhecimento acelerado. Foram avaliadas as características físicas: umidade, comprimento, diâmetro e peso de mil sementes. Sementes não envelhecidas (controle) e sementes submetidas ao envelhecimento acelerado (43 ºC por 72 h) foram semeadas em rolo de papel germitest e mantidas em BOD a 20-30 ºC. Foram avaliadas: porcentagem e frequência de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, tempo médio de germinação e porcentagem de plantas normais. Após 30 dias da semeadura foram avaliados comprimentos da parte aérea e da raiz, massas fresca e seca das plântulas. Em sementes não envelhecidas, o genótipo Caliman 01 apresentou maiores porcentagem, velocidade e homogeneidade de germinação, e maior porcentagem de plântulas normais. As sementes do Híbrido JS12 x Waimanalo apresentaram maior vigor após o envelhecimento (84% de germinação e 93% de plântulas normais). A análise de diversidade identificou como dissimilares os genótipos Caliman 01 em sementes não envelhecidas e o Híbrido JS12 x Waimanalo em sementes após o envelhecimento. Estes genótipos apresentam maior desempenho com base nas características físicas e fisiológicas das sementes e na análise de diversidade nas respectivas condições. O tempo médio de germinação é a característica que mais contribui para a separação dos genótipos em sementes não envelhecidas enquanto, em sementes envelhecidas, é o comprimento de raiz.


The objective of this study was to evaluate the seeds performance in eight Carica papaya genotypes, before and after accelerated aging test. We evaluated the seeds physical characteristics: humidity, length, diameter and weight of thousand seeds. Not aging seeds (control) and seeds subjected to accelerated aging test (43 º C for 72 h) were germinates in paper roll germitest and maintained in BOD at 20-30 º C. From the daily count, was evaluated the germination percentage and frequency, the speed of germination index, germination time, and the normal plants percentage. After 30 days of culture were evaluated lengths of shoot and root, fresh and dry weight of seedlings. In control seeds, the Caliman 01 genotype had higher percentage, speed and uniformity of germination, and higher normal seedlings percentage. Seeds of the Hybrid JS12 x Waimanalo genotype showed higher vigor after aging (84% of germination and 93% of normal seedlings). The diversity analysis identified as dissimilar the Caliman 01 genotype in control seeds and the Hybrid JS12 x Waimanalo genotype in after aging seeds. This genotypes have higher performance based on assessments of physical and physiological quality of seeds and diversity analysis in this conditions. The germination time was the feature that most contributes to the separation of genotypes in control seeds, and the root length in after aging seeds.


Subject(s)
Seeds , Multivariate Analysis , Germination , Carica
13.
Ciênc. rural ; 45(4): 737-743, 04/2015. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-742798

ABSTRACT

A presença de compostos fenólicos nas estruturas das sementes de mamão pode interferir no processo de germinação, de forma que o objetivo no estudo foi avaliar o efeito da época de colheita e da maturação dos frutos sobre a ocorrência de compostos fenólicos e qualidade de sementes de mamão. Os frutos foram colhidos em abril e outubro de 2010 e as sementes extraídas nos estádios 1, 3, 5 e final da maturação, correspondendo a cerca de 15, 50, 75 e 100% da casca amarela, respectivamente. Em cada estádio, sementes com e sem sarcotesta foram avaliadas quanto à porcentagem de germinação, primeira contagem, envelhecimento acelerado, sementes dormentes e conteúdo de fenóis nas sementes pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteau em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. As sementes com maior porcentagem de germinação e nível de vigor foram as dos frutos no estádio 5 e final da maturação; a sarcotesta contém maior concentração de fenóis em relação às demais estruturas.


The presence of phenolic compounds in the papaya seed structures can interfere with the germination process, so the objective in the study was to evaluate the effect of the harvest season and maturation stage of the fruit changing the inhibitory compounds presence and physiological quality in papaya seeds. Fruits of papaya were collected in April and October, 2010, and seeds extracted of the stage 1, 3, 5 and final of maturation, corresponding to about 15, 50, 75 and 100% of yellow peel respectively. Seeds with and without sarcotesta were evaluated by test of germination, first counting, accelerated aging, percentage of dormant seeds, and content of phenols in seed by method of Folin-Ciocalteau in completely randomized design The Seeds with higher germination and vigor level were the fruits at stage 5 and final of maturation. The sarcotesta contains a higher concentration of phenols in relation to other structures.

14.
Rev. bras. plantas med ; 17(4,supl.3): 1041-1048, 2015. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-776596

ABSTRACT

RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a ação antifúngica dos extratos de Allamanda blanchetti A.DC. e Momordica charantia L. no controle de Colletotrichumgloesporioides e qualidade pós-colheita em frutos de mamoeiro da cultivar Sunrise solo. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nos Laboratório de Fitopatologia e Laboratório de Produtos de Origem Animal, CCA-UFPB, Campus.II, Areia-PB. Os frutos foram colhidos no estádio 1 de maturação, em seguida, sanitizados com hipoclorito de sódio a 1% por três minutos e pulverizados com os extratos etanólicos de A. blanchetti e M. charantia nas concentrações: 0, 10, 100, 500 e 1000 µg.mL-1. Os frutos foram distribuídos em bandejas de polipropileno expandido em temperatura ambiente (23±2 °C) e umidade relativa em torno de 70%. Após doze dias de armazenamento, os frutos foram avaliados quanto à incidência natural de C. gloesporioides, severidade, atividade da enzima peroxidase, sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, relação SS/AT, perda de massa e aparência externa dos frutos. Foi realizada análise de regressão polinomial testando modelos até o terceiro grau para as concentrações dos extratos utilizando análise de variância pelo teste F enquanto as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade, através do programa SAS® 9.2. Não se observou diferença estatística quando avaliou-se a incidência natural de C. gloesporioides em frutos de mamoeiro utilizando os extratos de A. blanchetti e M. charantia. Já na avaliação da severidade da antracnose, verificou-se diferença para o tratamento com o extrato de A. blanchetti, que apresentou as menores escalas de notas em relação ao tratamento com a M. charantia. Observou-se atividade da peroxidase (POD) em frutos de mamoeiro nos extratos de A. blanchetti e M. charantia. Os frutos tratados com A. blanchetti apresentaram teor de acidez, com máximo de 0,12 g de ácido cítrico.100 g-1 e no de M. charantiaapresentou aumento para 0,15 g de ácido cítrico.100 g-1. A relação SS/AT diminuiu com o aumento das concentrações dos dois extratos. Os frutos tratados com A. blanchetti apresentaram maior perda de massa durante todo o armazenamento, sendo maior que 10% aos nove dias. Já a perda de massa dos frutos tratados com M. charantia apresentou comportamento linear, sendo superior a 12% aos 12 dias de armazenamento. A cor evoluiu de 1 (verde) para 6 (casca alaranjada) e a aparência dos frutos diminuiu com o decorrer do tempo de 5 (excelente) para 3 (regular) em todas concentrações dos extratos de A. blanchetti e M. charantia. Os extratos de A. blanchetti e M. charantia não reduziram a incidência natural, porém, só o extrato de A. blanchetti foi responsável por reduzir a severidade da antracnose. Ocorreu a atividade da enzima peroxidase em todos os tratamentos avaliados e conservaram a qualidade pós-colheita em frutos até os nove dias de armazenamento.


ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal effect of the extracts Allamandablanchetti A.DC. and Momordica charantia L. in the control of Colletotrichum gloesporioides in papaya fruits of the Sunrise Solo cultivation, as well as their post-harvest quality. The trials were conducted in the Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Animal Products Laboratory, CCA-UFPB, Campus II, Areia-PB. The fruits were harvested at maturity stage 1, then sanitized with sodium hypochlorite 1% for three minutes and sprayed with ethanol extracts of A. blanchetti and M.charantia at concentrations of 0, 10, 100, 500 and 1000 μg.mL-1.The fruits were distributed in polypropylene trays expanded at room temperature (23±2 °C) and relative humidity around 70%. After twelve days of storage, the fruits were evaluated for natural incidence of C. gloesporioides, severity, peroxidase enzyme activity, soluble solids, titratable acidity, SS/TA ratio, weight loss and external appearance of the fruit. Polynomial regression testing models to the third degree were employed for the extracts of concentrations, using analysis of variance by F test. The averages were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability, through the SAS® 9.2 program. There was no statistical difference observed when we evaluated the natural incidence of C. gloesporioides in the papaya fruit, using extracts from A. blanchetti and M. charantia. In the assessment of the severity of the anthracnose, there was no statistical difference for the treatment with the extract of A. blanchetti, which had smaller scales of notes when compared with the treatment using the M. charantia. It was observed peroxidase activity (POD) in the papaya fruits treated with the extracts of A. blanchetti and M. charantia. The fruits treated with A. blanchetti presented a maximum dose of acidity of 0.12 g g-1 of citric acid.100 g-1. In the fruits treated with M. charantia this increase was of 0.15g of citric acid.100 g-1. The SS/TA ratio decreased with increasing concentrations of the two extracts. The fruits treated with A. blanchettipresented higher weight loss of approximately 10%, since the M. charantia was over 12%. The color evolved from 1 (green) to 6 (Orange Peel) and the appearance of the fruit got worse according to the time, from 5 (excellent) to 3 (regular) in all the concentrations of the extracts of A. blanchetti and M. charantia. The A. blanchetti and M. charantia extracts did not reduce the natural incidence, however, only the A. blanchetti extract was able to decrease the severity of the anthracnose. The peroxidase enzyme presented activity in all treatments and kept the postharvest quality of the fruits in the nine days of storage.


Subject(s)
Plant Extracts/analysis , Carica/classification , Colletotrichum/classification , Apocynaceae/classification , Momordica charantia/classification
15.
European J Med Plants ; 2014 Dec; 4(12): 1513-1523
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-164215

ABSTRACT

Aim: To assess inhibitory effect of extracts, alone and in combination, from Carissa spinarum Linn (C. spinarum L.) and Carica papaya Linn (C. papaya L.) on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The combined extracts used were C. papaya L leaves petroleum ether extract/C. spinarum L root methanolic extract (CPLP/CSRM), C. spinarum L leaves petroleum ether extract/C. papaya L seed ethanolic extract (CSLP/CPSE), C. spinarum L root ethanolic extract/C. papaya L leaves ethanolic extract (CSRE/CPLE), C. papaya L root ethanolic extract/C. spinarum L bark ethanolic extract (CPRE/CSBE) and C. papaya L leaves methanolic extract/C. spinarum L leaves methanolic extract (CPLM/CSLM). Study Design: In vitro antibacterial assay. Place and Duration of Study: Samples were collected from Samunge village at Loliondo in Ngorongoro district located in northern Tanzania. Antimicrobial bioassay was carried out at the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar-es- Salaam, between March 2013 and June 2013. Methodology: The broth micro dilution method was used to determine minimum inhibition concentration (MIC). Fractional inhibitory concentrations were calculated from MICs of individual and combined extracts to determine interactions. Results: Plant extracts demonstrated MICs ranging from 312 to 5000 μg/ml. The combination of plant extracts against S. aureus resulted into antibacterial activity of CPSE, CPRE, CPLM, CSLM and CPLP extracts to increase by 4-, 2-, 4-, 4-, and 2-fold, respectively. Activity of CSLP, CPLM and CSLM increased by 2-fold against E. coli. Synergy was demonstrated by CPLM/CSLM against S. aureus. Some combinations were additive including CPRE/CSBE, CPLP/CSRM and CSLP/CPSE against S. aureus and CSLP/CPSE, CPRE/CSBE, CPLM/CSLM against E. coli. Nevertheless, antagonism was demonstrated by CSRE/CPLE, CPLP/CSRM against E. coli and CSLP/CPSE and CSRE/CPLE against S. aureus. Conclusion: This study revealed the importance of using plant-based antibacterial agents in combined therapy to increase efficacy. Extracts of C. spinarum L and C. papaya L could be a source of antibacterial agents when utilized in combination therapy for patients with severe E. coli and staphylococcal infections. These predictors, however, need to be validated to improve their quality.


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Apocynaceae/classification , Apocynaceae/pharmacology , Apocynaceae/therapeutic use , Carica/classification , Carica/pharmacology , Carica/therapeutic use , Drug Combinations , Humans , Phytotherapy/pharmacology , Phytotherapy/therapeutic use , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Tanzania
16.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 30(2): 402-410, mar./apr. 2014.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-947137

ABSTRACT

O comportamento produtivo de genótipos de mamoeiro foi avaliado com uso de três métodos de adaptabilidade e estabilidade. Foram avaliados oito híbridos, 26 linhagens e uma testemunha (Calimosa), quanto à produtividade (PROD) e número de frutos comerciais por planta (NFC), em três ensaios no estado da Bahia. Considerando a média geral dos experimentos de 23,29 t ha-1 e 19,27 frutos, para PROD e NFC, respectivamente, foram identificados cinco genótipos que combinam alta estabilidade fenotípica e produtividade de frutos (acima de 31,21 t ha-1 e 24,21 frutos por planta). Para ambas características, os métodos de Wricke e Yates; Cochran (Tradicional) indicaram genótipos de alta estabilidade, porém de baixa produtividade média. Por outro lado, considerando o conjunto de ambientes analisados, o método de Lin e Binns foi mais adequado em discriminar os genótipos de mamoeiro mais estáveis e produtivos.


The performance of papaya genotypes (Carica papaya L.) was assessed using three adaptability and stability methods. Eight hybrids, 26 inbred lines and Calimosa as check were evaluated for fruit yield (FY) and number of commercial fruit per plant (NCFP), in three field trials in the Bahia State. Considering 23.29 t.ha-1 and 19.27 fruits, as the average of experiments for PROD and NCFP, respectively, five genotypes were identified for combining high stability and phenotypic yield (> 31.21 t.ha-1 and 24.21 fruits per plant). For both traits, Wricke and Yates; Cochran (Traditional) methods pointed out the genotypes with high stability but low yield. Moreover, taking into account the set of environments used, Lin; Binns (1988) method performed better in discriminating the more stable and productive papaya genotypes.


Subject(s)
Carica , Efficiency , Plant Breeding , Genotype
17.
Rev. cuba. plantas med ; 18(3): 381-390, jul.-set. 2013.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-683111

ABSTRACT

Introdução: os frutos de Carica papaya L. são amplamente consumidos em todo o mundo e no Brasil, porém pouco se sabe sobre seu efeito citotóxico, antimutagênico e quimioprotetor. Objetivos: avaliar o potencial antimutagênico e quimiprotetor de frutos de Carica papaya e quantificar as suas substâncias fenólicas. Métodos: a atividade antimutagênica foi avaliada pelo método de micronúcleo e as substâncias fenólicas foram analisadas pelo método de Folin-Ciacalteau (fenólicos totais), e pelo método colorimétrico cloreto de alumínio (flavonóides totais). Resultados: o extrato hidroetanólico de frutos de Carica papaya possui potencial antimutagênico e quimioprotetor (370 mg/100 g peso corporal). O teor de substâncias fenólicas do extrato hidroetanólico de frutos foi inferior a 0,001 µg/mg. Conclusão: o efeito antimutagênico e quimioprotetor observado nos extratos dos frutos de Carica papaya pode estar associado a outras substâncias. Estudos químicos precisam ser conduzidos para identificar as substâncias envolvidas na atividade.


Introduction: the fruits of Carica papaya L. are widely consumed around the world and in Brazil, but little is known about its cytotoxic, antimutagenic and chemoprotector effects. Objectives: to evaluate the antimutagenic and chemoprotector potential of fruits of Carica papaya and quantify the phenolic substances present in those fruits. Methods: mutagenic activity was evaluated by micronucleus assay and phenolic substances were analyzed by the Folin-Ciacalteau method (total phenolics), and by aluminum chloride colorimetric method (total flavonoids). Results: the hidroetanolic extract of fruits of Carica papaya elicited antimutagenic and chemoprotector effects (370 mg/100 g body weight). The content of phenolic substances of hidroetanolic extract of fruits was lower than 0.001 µg/mg. Conclusions: the antimutagenic and chemoprotector effects observed must be related to other compounds. Chemical studies must be conducted to identify the substances involved in the activity.


Introducción: los frutos de Carica papaya L. son ampliamente consumidos en todo el mundo y en Brasil, pero poco se sabe acerca de su efecto citotóxico, antimutagénico y quimioprotector. Objetivos: evaluar el efecto antimutagénico y quimiprotector de los frutos de Carica papaya y cuantificar las sustancias fenólicas. Métodos: la actividad mutagénica se evaluó por micronúcleos y las sustancias fenólicas se analizaron por el método Folin-Ciacalteau (fenólica), y el método colorimétrico cloruro de aluminio (flavonoides). Resultados: el extracto hidroetanólico de frutas de Carica papaya tiene efecto antimutagénico y quimioprotector (370 mg/100 g de peso corporal). El contenido de sustancias fenólicas de extracto hidroetanólico resultó inferior a 0,001 µg/mg. Conclusión: el efecto antimutagénico y quimioprotector observado en extractos de frutos de Carica papaya puede estar asociado con otras sustancias. Estudios químicos deben llevarse a cabo para identificar las sustancias que intervienen en la actividad.

18.
Ciênc. agrotec., (Impr.) ; 34(1): 68-73, jan.-fev. 2010. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-541457

ABSTRACT

Conduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de avaliar a utilização de esterco caprino na composição de substratos para a formação de mudas de mamoeiro. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo cada parcela constituída por oito plantas. Os tratamentos constaram de misturas composta por: 100 por cento plantmax; 50 por cento terra, 25 por cento plantmax, 25 por cento de esterco bovino; 50 por cento terra, 25 por cento plantmax, 25 por cento esterco caprino; 30 por cento terra, 35 por cento plantmax, 35 por cento esterco bovino; 30 por cento terra, 35 por cento plantmax, 35 por cento esterco caprino. As variáveis analisadas foram: altura de planta; diâmetro do colo; número de folhas, comprimento de raiz; matéria seca da parte aérea e matéria seca da raiz. Os dados demonstram que a mistura mais eficiente para a formação de mudas de mamoeiro foi de 30 por cento terra, 35 por cento Plantmax, 35 por cento esterco caprino.


The objective of this work was to evaluate the utilization of goat manure in the substrate composition of papaya seedling formation. The experimental design used was of complete randomized blocks, with five treatments and four replications, and having eight plants per plot. The treatments consisted of substrate mixtures composed of: 100 percent Plantmax; 50 percent soil, 25 percent Plantmax, and 25 percent cattle manure; 50 percent soil, 25 percent Plantmax, and 25 percent goat manure; 30 percent soil, 35 percent Plantmax, and 35 percent cattle manure; 30 percent soil, 35 percent Plantmax, and 35 percent goat manure. Plant height and diameter, number of leaves per plant, root length, and shoot and root dry mass were evaluated. Substrate composed of 30 percent soil, 35 percent Plantmax, and 35 percent goat manure was most efficient for promoting growth.

19.
Ciênc. agrotec., (Impr.) ; 32(5): 1473-1480, set.-out. 2008. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-496994

ABSTRACT

Em várias regiões produtoras de mamão do Brasil, tem sido observado um distúrbio fisiológico nos frutos denominado de Mancha Fisiológica do Mamão (MFM). Tal distúrbio pode causar significativos prejuízos ao produtor, uma vez que pode comprometer a qualidade do fruto da espécie. Procurou-se buscar, neste trabalho, possíveis relações entre a incidência da MFM, o potencial hídrico do solo, o teor de sólidos solúveis no látex, a amplitude térmica e o déficit de pressão de vapor do ar. Para tanto, num plantio comercial localizado na cidade de São Francisco do Itabapoana - RJ, foram monitorados o déficit de pressão de vapor do ar, o potencial hídrico do solo, o teor de sólidos solúveis no látex dos frutos em duas faces do fruto (face próxima ao tronco e face oposta ao tronco) e a amplitude térmica do ar. Foi verificado que nos meses que antecederam a época de maior incidência da MFM, o déficit hídrico do solo acentuado (média diária -113,6kPa nos meses de abril a julho), em associação com menores demandas evaporativas do ar (média diária nos meses de abril a julho 0,6kPa) e uma amplitude térmica média de 11,3ºC nessas mesmas épocas, contribuiu para a maior incidência da MFM, nos meses julho a outubro.


In some papaya producing regions in Brazil, it was observed a physiological disturb in the fruits called Skin Freckles (SF). Such disturb may cause significant damages to crops, since it may affect the quality of the fruits. This work aimed to search possible relationship among the SF incidence, the soil water potential, the soluble solid content in the latex, the thermal amplitude and the air vapor pressure deficit. These studies were carried out in a commercial orchard located in the town of São Francisco de Itabapoana - RJ, where some characteristics were monitored including the air vapor pressure deficit, the soil water potential, the soluble solid content in the latex in two faces of the fruit (the face close to the trunk and the opposing face to the trunk) and the air thermal amplitude. One verified that in the months that preceeded the period of higher incidence of the SF, the soil water deficit increased (daily average of -113,6kPa from April to July), in association with smaller air evaporative demands (daily average of 0,6kPa from April to July) and a thermal amplitude average of 11,3ºC in these same periods contributed for the higher incidence of the SF in the months between July and October.

20.
Ciênc. agrotec., (Impr.) ; 32(4): 1161-1167, jul.-ago. 2008. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-489951

ABSTRACT

Nesse experimento avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes lâminas de irrigação e coberturas do solo, sobre a incidência da mancha fisiológica do mamão e aspectos de produção do mamão cv. Tainung 01, no período de dezembro de 2003 a novembro de 2004. Utilizou-se delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial. Quando as interações foram significativas desdobraram-se as mesmas e efetuaram-se as comparações das médias, via Teste Tukey. Os resultados encontrados demonstram uma alta correlação entre os fatores estudados e a época de colheita. Com relação à mancha fisiológica do mamoeiro confirmou-se o aspecto sazonal de incidência, sendo que, a cv. Tainung 01 apresentou a maior incidência do distúrbio, nos meses de setembro e outubro. Com relação às coberturas de solo, a cobertura morta se mostrou promissora para as variáveis de produção, ao contrário da cobertura verde com a leguminosa Arachis pintoi, pois a mesma competiu com o mamoeiro acarretando, assim, redução na produtividade.


In this experiment one evaluated the effect of different irrigation dosages and soil coverings in skin freckles aspects in yield components of the papaya cv. Tainung 01 in the period from December 2003 to November 2004. It was used a randomized complete block design, with a three replications, in a factorial scheme. When the interactions were significant the analysis was partitioned and the means were compared by the Tukey Test for each factor. The results found demonstrated high correlation between the variable studied and the harvest season. With relation to the skin freckles the seasonal aspect of incidence was confirmed, showing that for cv. Tainung 01 the major incidence of the disturbance was verified in September and October. With relation to the soil coverings, the mulching showed promising for the variables in yield, in contrast of the green covering with the leguminosae Arachis pintoi, because the last one competed with the papaya trees causing reduction in the yield components.

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